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Classical Ayurvedic texts describe granthi (localised swellings) and arbuda (larger, deep-seated, slowly growing masses) and prescribe drugs to dissolve them. Among those used most often are Kanchanara (Bauhinia variegata), Varuna (Crataeva nurvala) and Bhallataka (Semecarpus anacardium). Interest in these drugs as sources of anticancer agents has generated a substantial preclinical literature. This review appraises that evidence and identifies the gaps that prevent clinical translation. An ethanol extract of Kanchanara increased survival in mice with Dalton’s ascitic lymphoma. A milk extract of Bhallataka nuts, prepared in a classical manner, improved tumour marker enzymes in rats with aflatoxin-induced hepatocellular carcinoma. Lupeol, a triterpene present in Varuna and many other plants, has broad in vitro and xenograft activity, but no human cancer trials. For Kanchanara Guggulu, the only recent randomised work we found is a registered protocol in subclinical hypothyroidism, not in cancer. Across the three drugs, evidence relies on crude extracts, transplantable or chemically induced tumour models, and short treatment periods. It lacks pharmacokinetic data, dose justification, toxicity assessment in tumour-bearing animals, and comparison with standard therapy. Classical granthi and arbuda also include benign conditions, and modern studies seldom specify which tumour types correspond to classical indications. We propose a staged pathway: chemical characterisation of classical preparations, validated cell and animal models matched to defined indications, pharmacokinetic and safety studies, and early-phase trials in carefully selected settings such as benign tumours or adjunctive care.